Wolffia australiana (Benth.) Hartog & Plas

• Genus: Wolffia
• Botanical Background: First described by early botanists and later refined by Hartog and Plas, this species has drawn scientific interest for its extreme miniaturization and simplified morphology.

• Geographical Range: Found across parts of Asia and Oceania, it naturally inhabits stagnant or slow-moving freshwater bodies such as ponds and ditches.
• Environment: Thriving in warm, nutrient-rich waters, Wolffia australiana favors conditions with abundant sunlight, moderate water movement, and a stable aquatic setting.

Leaves

• Tiny, bright green, oval or rounded structures

• Float freely on the water surface; no distinct leaf blades

Inflorescence (Spadix & Spathe)

• Very small, inconspicuous flowers

• Minimal development of spadix and spathe, reflecting the plant’s reduced morphology

Growth Habit

• Entirely aquatic and free-floating

• Propagates through rapid vegetative budding with no developed root or tuber system

Light Requirements

• Thrives in bright, indirect light or full sun

• Mimics natural outdoor aquatic conditions

Watering & Humidity

• Grows best in consistently moist, clean water

• Does not require traditional humidity control due to aquatic habitat

Soil & Potting Mix

• Should be grown in shallow aquatic containers or outdoor ponds

• Traditional potting mix is not suitable

Temperature & Fertilizer

• Optimal temperature: 68–86°F (20–30°C)

• Requires little to no fertilization if water is nutrient-rich

Division

• Propagates mainly through vegetative budding

• New plantlets naturally separate from the parent and float independently

Stem Cuttings (if applicable)

• Not applicable; the plant lacks stems and roots

Seeds

• Seed production is rare and not commonly used

• Vegetative propagation is the most efficient and reliable method

Typical Issues

• Typically resistant to common plant pests

• May be affected by waterborne pathogens in poor-quality or stagnant water

Treatment Recommendations

• Maintain clean, well-aerated water to prevent disease

• Use organic treatments or biological controls rather than chemical solutions

• Recognized as one of the smallest flowering plants

• Commonly used in research on plant miniaturization and rapid vegetative reproduction

• Appreciated by aquatic plant collectors for its minimalist, floating form

• Plays a vital ecological role in freshwater ecosystems and natural water filtration

Wild Population Status

• Not currently endangered

• Natural habitats may be threatened by pollution and environmental degradation, so monitoring is important

Market Availability

• Commonly available through specialized aquatic plant nurseries

• Frequently used in scientific research due to its unique traits and accessibility